Smart home security systems have become essential for safeguarding homes, offering convenience, real-time alerts, and remote control. The Ring Alarm 8-Piece Kit stands out as the best overall due to its comprehensive features and expandability. For those prioritizing affordability, the SimpliSafe 5 Piece Wireless System delivers solid performance at a lower cost. Meanwhile, the Eufy Security 5-Piece Kit offers a compelling blend of simplicity and effective protection. Buyers face tradeoffs between system complexity, integration options, and costs. Keep reading to find out which system best fits your needs and budget.
Get garden gear delivered free with Prime
- Fast, free delivery on millions of items
- Prime Video, Amazon Music and more included
- Member-only deals all year
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- The size and scalability of a security system are critical factors, with larger kits offering more coverage but at higher costs.
- Compatibility with smart assistants like Alexa and Google Home varies, influencing ease of control and automation.
- Professional monitoring options add value but significantly increase ongoing expenses, which should be weighed against DIY setups.
- Build quality and sensor reliability differ, impacting long-term performance and maintenance needs.
- Price versus features remains the key tradeoff, with premium systems offering more advanced integrations and higher reliability.
| Ring Alarm 8-Piece Kit (Newest Model) – Home & Business Security System with Optional 24/7 Professional Monitoring |  | Best Overall for Small Homes | Base Station Power: 100-240V 50/60Hz | Battery Backup: Rechargeable 24-hour battery | Operating Conditions: -4°F to 104°F (-20°C to 40°C) | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Ring Alarm 5-Piece Kit (Newest Model) – Wireless Smart Home Security System |  | Best for Apartments and Condos | Includes: Base Station, Keypad, Contact Sensor, Motion Detector, Range Extender | Compatibility: Alexa | Monitoring: 24/7 Professional Monitoring (sold separately) | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SimpliSafe 7 Piece Wireless Outdoor Camera Home Security System |  | Best for Outdoor Surveillance | Number of Cameras: 7 | Video Resolution: 1080p HD | Field of View: 140 degrees | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SimpliSafe 8-Piece Wireless Home Security System with Optional Professional Monitoring |  | Best for Easy Installation and Smart Home Compatibility | Number of pieces: 8 | Compatibility: Alexa, Google Assistant | Sensor range: 35 feet | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SimpliSafe 12 Piece Wireless Home Security System with HD Camera |  | Best for Comprehensive Home Coverage | Number of pieces: 12 | Camera resolution: 1080p HD | Field of view: 120° | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SimpliSafe 5 Piece Wireless Home Security System – Compatible with Alexa and Google Assistant |  | Best Overall for Easy Setup and Compatibility | Number of Pieces: 5 | Wireless: Yes | Professional Monitoring: Optional 24/7 | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SimpliSafe 11 Piece Wireless Home Security System Gen 3 with Indoor HD Camera |  | Best for Complete Coverage with Video Monitoring | Number of Pieces: 11 | Indoor Camera: Wireless HD | Monitoring: Optional 24/7 | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Ring Alarm 14-Piece Kit (Newest Model) – Wireless Smart Home Security System |  | Best for Larger Homes with Expandability | Includes: Base Station, 2 Keypads, 8 Contact Sensors, 2 Motion Detectors, 1 Range Extender | Compatibility: Alexa | Monitoring: 24/7 Professional Monitoring (sold separately) | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Eufy Security 5-Piece Home Alarm Kit, Home Security System |  | Best for Budget-Conscious, No-Fee Security | Power Source: Battery Powered | Compatible Devices: Smartphone | Video Capture Resolution: 1080p | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SimpliSafe 9 Piece Wireless Home Security System with HD Camera |  | Best for All-in-One Security with Video Monitoring | Number of pieces: 9 | Camera resolution: 1080p HD | Field of view: 120° | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| smart home security system | Compatibility | Number of pieces |
|---|---|---|
| Ring Alarm 8-Piece Kit | — | — |
| Ring Alarm 5-Piece Kit | Alexa | — |
| SimpliSafe 7 Piece Wireless Ou | — | — |
| SimpliSafe 8-Piece Wireless Ho | Alexa, Google Assistant | 8 |
| SimpliSafe 12 Piece Wireless H | Alexa, Google Assistant | 12 |
| SimpliSafe 5 Piece Wireless Ho | Alexa, Google Assistant | 5 |
| SimpliSafe 11 Piece Wireless H | Alexa, Google Assistant | 11 |
| Ring Alarm 14-Piece Kit | Alexa | — |
| Eufy Security 5-Piece Home Ala | — | — |
| SimpliSafe 9 Piece Wireless Ho | Alexa, Google Assistant | 9 |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Ring Alarm 8-Piece Kit (Newest Model) – Home & Business Security System with Optional 24/7 Professional Monitoring
This Ring Alarm 8-piece kit stands out as the most comprehensive package for small homes, combining ease of installation with robust sensor coverage. Compared to the 5-piece model, it adds a range extender and additional sensors, making it better suited for those needing extra coverage without complex setup. However, it requires a subscription for professional monitoring and voice control, which could increase ongoing costs. Its extensive connectivity options and included range extender make it more reliable for small residences, but some features may need extra accessories. This pick is ideal for homeowners who want a complete, expandable security setup with minimal fuss, yet are willing to pay for subscription services.
Pros:- Easy to install, suitable for small homes
- Includes a comprehensive set of sensors and a range extender
- Supports remote control and mobile notifications
- Optional professional monitoring for enhanced security
Cons:- Requires a subscription for professional monitoring and voice control
- Limited outdoor or multi-level coverage
Best for: Small homeowners seeking a reliable, all-in-one security solution that is straightforward to install and expand.
Not ideal for: Large properties or those needing outdoor coverage, as this kit is primarily designed for indoor use and small spaces.
- Base Station Power:100-240V 50/60Hz
- Battery Backup:Rechargeable 24-hour battery
- Operating Conditions:-4°F to 104°F (-20°C to 40°C)
- Dimensions:6.65 in x 6.65 in x 1.46 in
- Connectivity:Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, Bluetooth, Cellular Backup
- Security Modes:Disarmed, Away, Home
Our verdict“This system is best for small home owners looking for a straightforward, expandable indoor security setup with optional professional monitoring.”
Ring Alarm 5-Piece Kit (Newest Model) – Wireless Smart Home Security System
This 5-piece Ring Alarm kit is tailored for smaller living spaces such as apartments and condos, with a focus on simplicity and app-based control. Compared to the 8-piece model, it offers fewer sensors but remains easy to set up and expand. Its compatibility with Alexa makes voice commands straightforward, but the need for a subscription for professional monitoring or additional features can be a downside. Ideal for renters or those with limited space, the system’s emphasis on wireless operation and app control makes it highly flexible. This is a good choice for apartment dwellers who prioritize convenience and smart integration over extensive coverage, though they should be prepared for ongoing subscription costs.
Pros:- Easy to set up and expand with additional sensors
- Mobile app control and notifications
- Alexa compatibility for voice control
- Wireless, no wiring required
Cons:- Professional monitoring and some features require extra subscription
- Additional sensors are sold separately
Best for: Renters or apartment residents wanting a simple, smart, and expandable security system without extensive hardware.
Not ideal for: Homeowners with large properties or those seeking outdoor security, as this kit is designed mainly for indoor, small-space use.
- Includes:Base Station, Keypad, Contact Sensor, Motion Detector, Range Extender
- Compatibility:Alexa
- Monitoring:24/7 Professional Monitoring (sold separately)
- App Control:Yes
Our verdict“This system is ideal for renters or small-space residents who want a flexible, app-controlled security solution with voice assistant support.”
SimpliSafe 7 Piece Wireless Outdoor Camera Home Security System
This SimpliSafe outdoor system emphasizes high-quality video with 1080p HD cameras, offering an excellent choice for those needing outdoor security coverage. Compared with indoor-focused systems like the Ring Alarm kits, it provides color night vision and AI threat detection, making it stronger in outdoor environments. However, some features require wired connections, and the base station’s battery lasts only about 24 hours, which could be inconvenient. Its professional monitoring integration enhances response times, but plans come at an extra cost. This pick makes sense for homeowners prioritizing outdoor video verification and rapid emergency response, yet it may be overkill for purely indoor users or those on a tight budget.
Pros:- High-resolution 1080p HD cameras
- Color night vision with spotlight
- Includes professional monitoring with fast police response
- Easy app control and setup
Cons:- Requires wired connections for some features
- Monitoring plans are optional and cost extra
- Base station battery lasts only 24 hours
Best for: Homeowners needing reliable outdoor surveillance with professional monitoring options and advanced video features.
Not ideal for: Indoor-only users or those with limited wiring flexibility who prefer a fully wireless setup.
- Number of Cameras:7
- Video Resolution:1080p HD
- Field of View:140 degrees
- Night Vision:Color with spotlight
- Power Options:Wireless and wired
- Battery Life (Base Station):Up to 24 hours
Our verdict“Ideal for homeowners seeking outdoor security with high-quality video and quick response capabilities, despite some wiring and battery limitations.”
SimpliSafe 8-Piece Wireless Home Security System with Optional Professional Monitoring
This 8-piece SimpliSafe kit offers a versatile and easy-to-install setup suitable for various home sizes, with compatibility for Alexa and Google Assistant. Compared to smaller kits, it includes more sensors and provides broader coverage, making it better for users wanting a comprehensive solution. Its wireless design simplifies installation, but a subscription is necessary for professional monitoring and some advanced features. Pet-friendly sensors and a 1-year warranty add value, though the system is primarily US-focused. This pick is perfect for those seeking a straightforward, expandable security system that integrates seamlessly with smart home devices, yet users should consider ongoing costs for monitoring.
Pros:- Easy to install without wiring or drilling
- Compatible with Alexa and Google Assistant
- Includes a panic button for emergencies
- Affordable with no long-term contracts
Cons:- Subscription required for professional monitoring
- Limited to US market
Best for: Homeowners or renters wanting an easy-to-install, smart-compatible security system with optional professional monitoring.
Not ideal for: Large or outdoor-heavy properties requiring more extensive coverage, or users outside the US market.
- Number of pieces:8
- Compatibility:Alexa, Google Assistant
- Sensor range:35 feet
- Field of view:90 degrees
- Pet-friendly:Yes, under 60 lbs
- Warranty:1 year
Our verdict“This system suits those seeking a simple, smart-integrated security setup that’s easy to install and expand, with optional professional support.”
SimpliSafe 12 Piece Wireless Home Security System with HD Camera
This 12-piece SimpliSafe system offers the most extensive coverage among these options, combining HD cameras, multiple sensors, and a panic button to create a thorough security setup. Compared to the 8-piece system, it provides more sensors and a broader view of the home, making it a better fit for larger or multi-zone properties. Its integration with Alexa and Google Assistant, along with optional professional monitoring, adds flexibility. Still, motion sensors are primarily designed for humans, and subscription costs for monitoring can add up. The system’s 24-hour battery backup enhances reliability, but the higher price reflects its expanded coverage. This system is best suited for homeowners seeking a detailed, all-encompassing security solution with smart home integration, though it may be more than needed for small or apartment dwellers.
Pros:- Extensive 12-piece coverage with HD cameras
- Supports remote control via app and voice assistants
- Optional 24/7 professional monitoring
- No long-term contracts or hidden fees
Cons:- Motion sensors optimized for humans, not large pets
- Requires subscription for full features and monitoring
- Higher overall cost due to expanded coverage
Best for: Homeowners wanting a comprehensive, scalable security system with HD cameras and voice assistant compatibility.
Not ideal for: Those with a limited budget or small homes, where a less extensive system might suffice.
- Number of pieces:12
- Camera resolution:1080p HD
- Field of view:120°
- Sensor detection range:35 feet
- Battery backup:up to 24 hours
- Compatibility:Alexa, Google Assistant
Our verdict“This is the best choice for larger homes or those seeking a fully featured, scalable security system with high-quality video and voice control.”
SimpliSafe 5 Piece Wireless Home Security System – Compatible with Alexa and Google Assistant
This option stands out for its simplicity—no wiring or drilling is needed, making it ideal for renters or those who want quick installation. Its compatibility with Alexa and Google Assistant enhances smart home integration, and the included sensors provide solid coverage for doors, windows, and motion detection. Compared with larger systems like the Ring 14-piece kit, this package is more streamlined but offers less expandability. A key tradeoff is that professional monitoring requires a subscription, and the motion sensors are designed primarily for human detection, which could lead to missed alerts for pets or small animals. Nonetheless, its ease of use and broad smart home compatibility make it a strong choice for users prioritizing convenience and simplicity.
Pros:- No wiring or drilling required for installation
- Compatible with Alexa and Google Assistant for voice control
- Includes sensors for comprehensive entry and motion detection
- Optional 24/7 professional monitoring available
Cons:- Motion sensor mainly detects humans, limiting pet-friendliness
- Requires a subscription for professional monitoring
- Limited info on sensor battery life and range
Best for: Renters or homeowners seeking a straightforward, easy-to-install security system compatible with popular voice assistants
Not ideal for: Large households with pets over 60 lbs or users requiring extensive, customizable coverage without ongoing fees
- Number of Pieces:5
- Wireless:Yes
- Professional Monitoring:Optional 24/7
- Compatibility:Alexa, Google Assistant
- Base Station Features:Cellular connection, 24-hour battery backup, 95dB siren
- Sensors:Entry sensors, motion sensors
Our verdict“This system suits users who want quick setup, smart home integration, and basic whole-home protection without complicated wiring.”
SimpliSafe 11 Piece Wireless Home Security System Gen 3 with Indoor HD Camera
This system makes a compelling case for those seeking a comprehensive security setup that combines sensors with real-time video. The inclusion of a wireless indoor HD camera adds an extra layer of monitoring, perfect for keeping an eye on vulnerable areas or valuables. Compared with the smaller 5-piece system, the 11-piece kit offers more sensors and a wireless camera, but it also comes with a higher price and complexity. Its ease of installation rivals that of the simpler models, though some features, like professional monitoring, are optional and may add to ongoing costs. The sensor range (35 feet) might limit effectiveness in larger spaces, especially if walls obstruct signals. Overall, this pick is ideal for users wanting both sensor coverage and visual verification without cumbersome wiring.
Pros:- Wireless, easy to install without tools
- Includes a wireless indoor HD camera for real-time video
- Remotely control and monitor system with an app
- Supports Alexa and Google Assistant
Cons:- Professional monitoring is optional and incurs extra costs
- Limited sensor range for large or multi-room spaces
- Some advanced features require subscription plans
Best for: Homeowners wanting an all-in-one security system with video surveillance and smart home integration
Not ideal for: Users on a tight budget or those who prefer wired systems for maximum reliability
- Number of Pieces:11
- Indoor Camera:Wireless HD
- Monitoring:Optional 24/7
- Compatibility:Alexa, Google Assistant
- Sensor Range:35 feet
- Pet Friendly:Under 60 lbs
Our verdict“This is best for users who want a flexible, video-enabled security system that’s easy to set up and control remotely.”
Ring Alarm 14-Piece Kit (Newest Model) – Wireless Smart Home Security System
This kit is designed for medium-sized homes and offers extensive coverage with 14 pieces, including contact sensors, motion detectors, and a range extender. Its expandability, via additional sensors or accessories, makes it well-suited for those planning future upgrades. Compared with simpler systems, Ring’s platform emphasizes smart notifications and voice control through Alexa, but some features, like professional monitoring, come at an extra cost. The system’s modular nature requires buyers to consider ongoing expenses for subscriptions if they want full features. While installation is straightforward, the need for additional accessories can increase overall costs. This kit makes sense for users who want a scalable, app-controlled system for larger or multi-room homes.
Pros:- Expandable with additional sensors and accessories
- Mobile app control with instant notifications
- Alexa compatibility for voice commands
- Designed for 2-4 bedroom homes
Cons:- Additional sensors and accessories sold separately, increasing total cost
- Professional monitoring requires a subscription
- Some features are not included in the base kit
Best for: Homeowners of larger or multi-bedroom homes who want a system that can grow over time
Not ideal for: Those with small apartments or minimal security needs, as the system might be more complex than necessary
- Includes:Base Station, 2 Keypads, 8 Contact Sensors, 2 Motion Detectors, 1 Range Extender
- Compatibility:Alexa
- Monitoring:24/7 Professional Monitoring (sold separately)
- Control:Mobile App Control
Our verdict“This kit is best for users seeking a flexible, expandable security solution for larger homes with smart home integration.”
Eufy Security 5-Piece Home Alarm Kit, Home Security System
This simple, battery-powered system offers core security features without ongoing costs, making it ideal for those wary of subscription fees. Its straightforward setup with a keypad, motion sensor, and entry sensors provides reliable protection for small to medium homes. Compared with multi-piece systems like the Ring or SimpliSafe kits, the Eufy kit is less expandable but excels in affordability and ease of use. The wireless design ensures flexible placement, though battery life and sensor range are not specified, which could impact long-term reliability. Lacking options for professional monitoring or video, it appeals most to users seeking basic, immediate alerts and easy installation without monthly commitments.
Pros:- Simple, tool-free installation
- Wireless with long-range alerts
- No ongoing monthly fees
- Includes multiple sensors for comprehensive coverage
Cons:- Limited detailed specifications in description
- Battery life not specified, which could impact maintenance
- No professional monitoring or video options
Best for: Budget-conscious users who want a straightforward, no-fee alarm system for small homes or apartments
Not ideal for: Those needing advanced features like video surveillance or extensive expandability
- Power Source:Battery Powered
- Compatible Devices:Smartphone
- Video Capture Resolution:1080p
- Connectivity Technology:Wireless
- Maximum Range:30 feet
- Sensor Technology:Wireless
Our verdict“This system fits users who want basic, reliable security without recurring costs or complicated setup.”
SimpliSafe 9 Piece Wireless Home Security System with HD Camera
This 9-piece system is designed for comprehensive protection, combining sensors, motion detection, and an HD camera with a wide 120° field of view. It is well-suited for users who want visual verification alongside traditional sensors, making it a good alternative to the larger Ring 14-piece kit. Compared to other SimpliSafe options, this model emphasizes a balance between coverage and ease of control via the app, with no long-term contracts. Its motion sensors are human-detection optimized, which could limit effectiveness around pets over 60 lbs. The need for optional professional monitoring adds potential ongoing costs, but the system’s wireless design and straightforward setup make it appealing for those seeking reliable, all-in-one home protection.
Pros:- Includes sensors, motion detectors, and HD camera
- Easy to control remotely via app
- No long-term contracts or hidden fees
- Wireless, flexible installation
Cons:- Motion sensors optimized for humans, not pets over 60 lbs
- Requires optional subscription for full features
- Limited to US availability
Best for: Homeowners wanting a wireless, video-enabled security system with flexible control options
Not ideal for: Pet owners with large animals or users seeking a fully wired, ultra-reliable system
- Number of pieces:9
- Camera resolution:1080p HD
- Field of view:120°
- Motion detection range:35 feet
- Battery backup:up to 24 hours
- Compatibility:Alexa, Google Assistant
Our verdict“This is a solid choice for users who want a reliable, wireless security system with video and flexible control without long-term commitments.”
How We Picked
To evaluate these smart home security systems, I considered performance, ease of installation, and expandability. I prioritized systems with reliable sensors, user-friendly apps, and versatile integration options. Cost-effectiveness was also key, balancing features against price points to identify good value. Systems with optional professional monitoring were assessed based on their added security versus ongoing costs. Ultimately, I ranked these options based on how well they serve different user needs—from beginners to tech-savvy homeowners—ensuring a diverse range of solutions.
| smart home security system | Compatibility |
|---|---|
| Ring Alarm 8-Piece Kit | — |
| Ring Alarm 5-Piece Kit | Alexa |
| SimpliSafe 7 Piece Wireless Ou | — |
| SimpliSafe 8-Piece Wireless Ho | Alexa, Google Assistant |
| SimpliSafe 12 Piece Wireless H | Alexa, Google Assistant |
| SimpliSafe 5 Piece Wireless Ho | Alexa, Google Assistant |
| SimpliSafe 11 Piece Wireless H | Alexa, Google Assistant |
| Ring Alarm 14-Piece Kit | Alexa |
| Eufy Security 5-Piece Home Ala | — |
| SimpliSafe 9 Piece Wireless Ho | Alexa, Google Assistant |
Factors to Consider When Choosing Smart Home Security Systems
Choosing the right smart home security system involves understanding your home’s needs and how much convenience or security you require. Key factors include the system’s size and expandability, smart home compatibility, monitoring options, and overall ease of use. Being aware of common pitfalls, such as overpaying for unnecessary features or underestimating installation complexity, can help you make a smarter choice. This guide highlights what to prioritize and where to be cautious when selecting a security system.
System Size and Expandability
Assess how many sensors, cameras, and alarms you need now and in the future. Larger kits provide comprehensive coverage but come with higher upfront costs. Consider whether the system allows easy expansion to include additional sensors or cameras as your needs grow. Overlooking this can lead to purchasing multiple smaller systems or expensive upgrades later.
Smart Home Integration
Compatibility with platforms like Alexa, Google Assistant, or Apple HomeKit can greatly enhance control and automation. Systems with broad integration options tend to be more flexible, allowing you to create routines or control your security remotely. However, some integrations may require additional setup or subscriptions, so check compatibility before buying.
Monitoring Options and Costs
Deciding between DIY monitoring and professional services affects both convenience and ongoing costs. Professional monitoring provides peace of mind but comes with monthly fees that add up over time. DIY systems save money upfront but require regular user involvement for alerts and maintenance. Evaluate your comfort level and budget when choosing between these options.
Ease of Installation and Use
Most systems are designed for DIY installation, but complexity varies. Look for kits with clear instructions and minimal tools required. An intuitive app is also essential for managing your system efficiently. Overly complicated setups may lead to frustration or improper installation, reducing effectiveness.
Build Quality and Reliability
Durable sensors and cameras that withstand environmental factors like weather or tampering are worth investing in. Cheaper components might fail prematurely or produce false alarms, diminishing confidence in the system. Prioritize brands with positive reviews on durability and long-term reliability.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I install a smart home security system myself?
Yes, most modern systems are designed for easy DIY installation, often requiring only basic tools and minimal technical skills. Manufacturers typically provide detailed instructions and app-based setup guides. However, if you’re uncomfortable with tech setup or need a large-scale system, professional installation might be a better choice, especially for complex integrations or extensive property coverage.
Are professional monitoring services worth the extra cost?
Professional monitoring adds an extra layer of security by ensuring immediate response to alarms, usually through a dedicated monitoring center. If you travel often or have valuables, this service can be reassuring. However, ongoing fees can add up, so weigh this against your budget and whether you prefer a fully DIY approach or enhanced peace of mind.
How important is smart home compatibility?
Compatibility with popular platforms like Alexa, Google Assistant, or Apple HomeKit can significantly streamline control and automation. If you already use these ecosystems, choosing a compatible system makes managing your home easier. Lack of compatibility might mean juggling multiple apps or losing some automation features, which could reduce convenience.
What features should I prioritize for outdoor security?
For outdoor use, focus on weather-resistant cameras and sensors with adjustable detection zones to avoid false alarms. High-definition video and night vision enhance visibility during low light. Consider systems with motion detection alerts and optional floodlights or sirens for added deterrence. Cheaper options often compromise on weatherproofing, so choose carefully for outdoor needs.
Is it better to buy a system with cameras included?
Including cameras in your security kit provides visual confirmation of alerts, which is invaluable for assessing threats. Cameras also enable remote monitoring and can serve as evidence if needed. However, systems with cameras tend to be more expensive, and the added complexity might require more setup time. If visual verification is a priority, investing in a system with integrated cameras makes sense.
Conclusion
For most homeowners, the Ring Alarm 8-Piece Kit offers an excellent balance of coverage, expandability, and ease of use, making it the best overall choice. Budget-conscious buyers should consider the SimpliSafe 5 Piece Wireless System, which delivers reliable security at a lower price. If you prefer premium features and seamless smart home integration, the SimpliSafe 12 Piece System with HD Cameras suits those willing to pay more for advanced capabilities. Beginners will appreciate systems with simple setup and operation, like the Eufy Security 5-Piece Kit. For larger properties or those with complex needs, investing in larger, expandable kits ensures comprehensive coverage and future-proofing.
